Criteria ondervoeding
Om bij kinderen vast te stellen of sprake is van ondervoeding, is het nodig de lengte en gewicht van het kind te meten en deze gegevens uit te zetten in een groeicurve. Dit uitzetten kan in een groeicurve op papier, of digitaal in de Growth Analyzer. In de Nederlandse klinische praktijk wordt gebruikgemaakt van groeicurven waarop de SD-score is aangegeven. Het meest gehanteerde afkappunt voor ondervoeding is de <-2 SD.
Bij prematuren moet bij gebruik van de standaard groeicurven tot de leeftijd van twee jaar gecorrigeerd worden voor de vroeggeboorte. Hiertoe wordt de periode van de geboorte tot de à terme datum afgetrokken van de kalenderleeftijd.
Criteria acute ondervoeding
• Kinderen >28 dagen en <1 jaar: gewicht naar leeftijd <-2 SD • Kinderen >1 jaar: gewicht naar lengte <-2 SD • Alle kinderen: >1 SD afbuigende groeicurve in 3 voorafgaande maanden
Criteria chronische ondervoeding
• Alle kinderen: lengte naar leeftijd <-2 SD
• Kinderen <4 jaar: lengte naar leeftijd 0,5-1 SD afbuiging in 1 jaar • Kinderen >4 jaar: lengte naar leeftijd 0,25 SD afbuiging in 1 jaar
De standaarddeviatie beschrijft de mate van spreiding rondom een gemiddelde. Op basis van de normale verdeling zal per definitie 2,3% van de kinderen een gewicht of lengte hebben <-2 SD. Een SD-score <-2 is daarom niet altijd een teken van acute of chronische ondervoeding en moet in de context van de patiënt beoordeeld worden.
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Typen ondervoeding
Bij kinderen zijn er 3 typen ondervoeding te onderscheiden:
• acute vorm van ondervoeding
• chronische vorm van ondervoeding
• mengvorm van acute en chronische ondervoeding
Bij acute ondervoeding daalt het gewicht, maar is de lengtegroei nog niet achtergebleven. Bij acute ondervoeding wordt vooral gewichtsverlies gezien dat optreedt door een veranderd metabolisme en verminderde voedselinname, of -opname in een periode van ziekte. Bij chronische ondervoeding blijft zowel het gewicht naar leeftijd als de lengte naar leeftijd achter, maar is gewicht naar lengte normaal. Bij de mengvorm laten alle groeicurven (gewicht naar leeftijd, lengte naar leeftijd en gewicht naar lengte) een achterstand zien. Zie ook de figuur rechts.